| THE INTEGRITY PAPERS - James N. Rose | UIU Group | http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/uiu_plus/ |
International Society for the Systems Sciences
Old Perceptions, New Thinking
James N RoseA b s t r a c t
Bela Antal Banathy’s call for this 1999 meeting of the International Society for the System Sciences brings the sentiments and goals of the General Systems Theory founders back to the forefront again - the universe is a concurrence of many diverse processes - a singular and compatible concurrence. So, it is not unreasonable to assume that that "compatibility" may indeed be understood as shared qualities and fundamental characteristics, which have simply been seen in alternative expressions of form and guises prior to now. By examination and careful evaluation it should be possible to determine what those shared characteristics, relationships, and mechanisms are.
This presentation will be an effort to examine and specifically example what the challenge of a search for such truly new ways of thinking entails. We start from preconditioned biases, forcing ourselves to become aware of those constraints first, and then move on toward generic interpretations of events and processes that we see, marking similarities and setting criteria standards for how the search should best proceed. We bring all our previous knowledge with us, placing it on the observation table, and allow it to be dissected as if it were something totally new and unknown. No vested interests, no seniority, and the obligation to account for divergent perceptions. The old thoughts are assumed to harbor inherent insights, even as our goal is a new, more complete, and all encompassing vision. By determining the shared characteristics of ‘systems’ and ‘processes’ we can producing a true General Theory.
The result can only be as Banathy has phrased it ... we will literally re-vision ourselves ... and give humanity the choice of trying new behaviors that re-synchronize values with companion universe that throngs in and around us.
keywords: Integrity, performance, policy, invariance, behavior space, autonomic consciousness
1. Introduction
"I greet you, respected ancestors, dear companions, and cherished future." . . . We were all present in the furnace of the Beginning, called the Shinn-yu Event, from the Nippon ideogram for "motion", when all time and space "became". We swirled and intermingled as potential, and then as realized forms, in sequences of titanic stars and then in histories of atoms and molecules and metabolisms, which assembled and reassembled, in explorations of process. No matter our individual lineages, we are literally made of all the ancestors of our existence, and we will contribute to the shapes and comprehensions of all the progeny who will succeed us. Sensations and thoughts.
2. Ideas
"There is no one thing, no some thing, nor such a thing whatsoever. But it is from motion or being carried along, from change and from admixture with each other that everything comes to be that which we declare to ‘be’ (speaking incorrectly), for nothing ever ‘is’, but always becomes." (Plato, Theaitetos 152d)
We are in the midst of a major transition in human development. It conveniently coincides with the millennial turn of the Christian calendar, but that is only a happenstantial marker, among all calendars. I mention it because no one lives according to one timescale, even if we use certain ones out of convenience. In truth, holistic lives and systems reflect so many time frames that Time should be the conceptual emblem of ISSS and General Systems. Nothing places us within the spectrum of extraordinarily diverse existence better than an appreciation that infinite processes are meshed through a panorama of rhythms ... shared on common dimensional soil, differing only in scales and pacings.
This is no trivial vision. Thousands of generations of conscious lives have glimpsed this idea and known its truth. We are here today, carrying on our lives and quests, because our ancestors of forgotten moments connected with meanings and vastness and involvements within the universe that they thrived as part of, and they laid down for sharing, rich sounds and symbols that signified ‘this process is special, that thing is important. I conceive, and I can express conceptions - I gather in and carry experiences ... memories of encounters ... once ago and future to be yet again. I voice ‘con’ .. with and within, and ‘ceive’ .. to gather. I voice ‘phor’ .. a carrying, and ‘iso’ ‘meta’ ... self-same and changeful, process, next, beyond. Memes embellished by phonetics and signs of wondrous measure. Synthetic, arbitrary, convenient, but packed with such deliberate and embedded knowings that language is the most extraordinary expression of sentience.
Language - formed to enunciate/communicate the diversity displayed within the unity ‘Existence’ - is seventh nature to us. We enact it better than we know, because we are parcel with all the workings, from the infinitesimally small to the cosmically grand. And, while we fend in between dealing with the mundane world, spirituality and mathematics have grown to be beacons reminding us of the unending openness of distance, time, mind, experience, value and being. And, while we fend in between, it’s impossible for us to avoid bridging and binding all of it in more complete ways. So it was for the founders of GST/ISSS. So it is for us today. In Bela Antal Banathy’s words, we look to "(improve) the human condition .. to unify science; (and make) unification of science .. the basis for improvement of the human condition.". Not only is full comprehension our goal, but the stakes have been raised: Accomplish something pragmatic in the process. "Make" the difference which Bateson (1972) says is companion to notable ‘differences’ - "information is the difference which makes a difference."
I’m particularly warm to these ideas because they match the essentials of systemic Integrity processes as I’ve come to see them. All behaving systems have a relationship with the timespaces of ‘being’. Energy, matter or information aren’t insensately encountered or accumulated, but have profound impacts on real behaviors in next and future moments. The spin and spread of knowledge flavors every new action, and makes possible even more, as encounters both define and bind and expand in the same instant. Enactments capture potential and establish ever more competent plateaus. Essentially, all systems are either organic or embody some quality which is fundamental to organic behavings. Too, all systems are loose gaussian assemblies sensitive to else and self and so are ‘conscious’ ... to the limit or the extent of their compositions and relative to their local hierarchic environment(s).
This is so true that it’s reasonable to recognize inner or precursive subliminal sentience structures of assembled plateaus - the composites which support our alert minds for example - as autonomous coordinations, massively parallelled and nested, so similar in existential processing, that embedded (nested) gaussian systems maintain themselves even as they support the whole. Process wise, each absorbs and exhausts energy, and so has a respiration, which contributes to the energy flow of the larger framed processes. Experientially, in regard to our minds, this is "autonomic consciousness" (Rose, 1998A). These are the parts of us that continue to "think" (for themselves and as part of the whole) even when we don’t alertly experience ‘thinking’. These undercurrent ‘minds of mind’ process in unending streams, in accurately useful purposive ways, according to the same process rules as alert awareness [fig. 1,2]. Alert awareness is simply the tip of the iceberg, the clear window through which individual gaussian spaces communicate, reflecting the total energy each being brings to the larger arena of shared communication. All the rest is still there - dynamic, thriving, creative, exploring, and enduring It is the Global Workspace of the Mind (Baars, 1997) - buoying the hippocampal eye of thought. Thoughts which appear as simple linear streams of cepts and inner-voiced memes are richly meshed, embedded with many purposes and meanings.
Figure 1. Minds of Mind. Figure 2. Nested processes ~ which are independent and competent gaussian
Autonomic Consciousness. assemblies ~ share process rules and work concurrently. (Leiker Graphics)We categorize the windows of ‘talking’ as metaphoric codes, hinting at the reserves of knowledge from where they came ... the living hidden variables that all assembled systems in truth possess.
Thus and first, we share realms that we exist among together. These are the Trőpic Manifolds [Rose]. Next, existence must embody such total compatibility, coordination and self consistency that a single family of relations must be parcel of all enactions of all levels ... realized and potential. This thread of connection is so requisitely invariant that we can trace involvements, impacts and translations both up and down through the entire architecture of existence - spacetime, atoms, molecules, metabolisms, organisms, collectives and more, and, along the paths of time (Rose, 1973). Dimensions produce energy/matter atoms which produce molecules which produce simple organisms which produce complicated organisms. All of which can only occur if the diverse mechanisms share the same rules of behavior and information coding. This is the heart of General Systems; not that mechanisms must be the same in all systems, but that relations and behaviors - pregnant within the potential ‘to be’ - are the same for all systems. If existence isn’t organized this way then we’d have to allow for any rules, any connections that fantasy could allow. We would see massive random chaos with whole complexities begetting alien impossibilities. Butterflies would birth whales and who you are would not be the same from one instant to the next. Language would irrevocably morph even in mid utterance, so that its tail would not know its head.
But the universe is not pure chaos. Simply, systems are consistent within the extent of possibilities and the uniformity of shared capacities. Random, yes. Unruled, no. Systems are ongoingly open with each other, even if they seem bound and closed. In fact, this is the premiere challenge of modern thinking - to break past the constrictures of Gödel’s set ideas, to surmount Robert Rosen’s focus on the disparities and dissimilarities between open/real and modeled/closed organizations. What is ‘inside’ a lifespace or gaussian bubble is never so crucial as compatibility with the world beyond local walls [fig.3] (Rose, 1973,1992) ... even the intangible evanescent walls of relations, like the "wall" enacted by Earth’s gravity, gradient concentrations of respiration gasses, and the metabolic needs of respiring animals. Five minutes without sufficient air in needed quantities is as much a ‘barrier’ as a granite slab. That the ins and the outs of any and all locations are compatible ... and that there are ‘rules of engagement’ among all scales and points of view, is the critically necessary and unavoidable criteria. Gödel Limits may restrict some states of a system, but it tells us nothing about the potential for behaviors when "next" is encountered, or "more".
Figure 3. Each person exists within a personal Life Space (Lewin) which is tantamount to a bounded ‘Godel region’ (dotted/shaded areas). But this simple schematic reflects the reality that process qualities transcend ‘limits’. By the mere coherence and compatibility of all extants that exist as a continually interacting communicating community, importance shifts to ‘potential’ and behavioral option spaces and emergent qualia. (Leiker Graphics)Our challenge is nothing less than comprehending the depths of inherited - and inherent - knowledge, and to totally embrace a completely new scope of conceiving where "on-goingness" is premiere, process is the priority, and encounters are all that matter. Latitude and the flexibility "to" behave - what Robert Theobald (1987) has come to call the resilience of systems - is the invariant characteristic of successfully performing enduring systems. This is the integrity of entities in companionship.
Yes, invariant rules and patterns do exist. In fact, these ‘intangibles’ are the only truly objective ‘parts’ of existence. Objectivity is not an object or a ‘thing’ that exhibits behaviors, a ‘something’ we can observe whether inert or active. Nor is it what’s left after parsing away all intrusive noise. Rather, objectivity is that which cannot be debased or degraded. And only ideas, relations and style of process are so incorruptible. ‘Objects’ on the other hand, have to be the subjective examples which embody capacities to exhibit the pandemic universal behaviors that are everywhere and regulate/guide all ‘things’. When we ‘observe’, we may think we are viewing physical ‘things’, but we’re not exactly. "What" we are comprehending are relations, acted out before us and also by way of our links with shared energy and information. And that, dear friends, includes we ourselves - to, with and for, one another. It is time for us to transform, like the Chrysalines (Rose,1998B) we are, to new abstract levels of understanding (Schmandt-Bessarat). We must stand on the abstractions of long distanced forbears, and we must grow well beyond. The metaphors of common sense can make clear the isophors of universal similarity, as our eyes are ready to see what appears.
3. Examples
I hold here an apple. Stemmed, red, full skinned - a shining example of the Platonic ‘ideal’ called apple, and, a descendant of Newton’s famous falling apple. It is from the orchard grove where he consumed the flesh and the inspiration of his apple, and then planted its seeds - which survived across generations - to produce again, here, today, in you.
The skin of this apple is the outer limit of where it self-referencingly exists in the universe. Inside and up to the out-edge skin is ‘apple’. Beyond is ‘not apple’. The perfect Gödel set ... limited and incomplete. It is so incomplete that it doesn’t even rise to the category of Platonic Ideal, for it is missing what Plato, and all of us, naively assume to be part of an apple’s existence: color. (!) [fig.4] In fact, the ideal set of ‘apples’ and the set of ‘colors’ are mutually exclusive, completely; they share no common factors (Rose, 1996). Color exists only out where the apple doesn’t, and that’s out in the open environment, where interactions, light, reflection, energy, run free. But from out here, well, we take a different view. Environment undeniably has a special relation with a ‘thing’, embellishes it, makes it more than what it is in isolation. It ‘completes’ what a thing can be - and enlarges its presence - both in form and function. Potential is tapped, and new wonders are created in the synthesis. So ‘apple’ - or any entity - is completed and fulfilled only when involved with the ‘else’ of existence. [fig.5] Meaning arises with ‘context’. This is the fortunate nature of existence. Communications and exchanges and encounters .. process .. are the heart and essence of being.
Figure 4. A pure Gödel apple, uncontaminated by the universe.
Figure 5. Newton’s apple after Plato.
Transformed and completed, in the full light of a companion universe that supports it and enjoys the image and nourishment and ideas it provides.Yes, specific bounds and models are convenient, even important. They do give us frames of reference and help us anticipate similar future encounters. But we have to be prepared for and open to new views too (Benking). Many alternate valid views co-exist together, if we allow ourselves to see them. For example, where exactly is ‘inside’ or ‘outside’? That seems common sense, doesn’t it? But maybe we’re biased. I hold this apple, and what I feel is a defined outer bound that I cannot enter. I am too large to be ‘inside’ that skin. But a worm can do it. Or can it? ... maybe not (!).
Yes, it can munch its way through and past the skin. Yes it leaves a telltale hole where it ‘entered’ and left the skin breached, and as far as I am concerned, that minor imperfection on the skin doesn’t nullify the gestalt of the apple’s outer skin boundary that once included the missing piece. And the reasonable conclusion is ... "the worm is in the apple". Well, not really it isn’t. You see, the worm can never or does never ‘enter’ the apple. What is does is to eat away at the apple and change the apple’s surface boundary. Essentially, the worm is forever crawling along the ‘surface’ of the apple, albeit along some new hidden unseen folds and surfaces. Topologically, the worm is never fully encapsulated ‘inside’ an unbroken boundary. In fact, the only in/out relation is that part of the apple ends up being ‘inside’ the worm, digested and made part of the worm.
Which reminds me.. what’s worse than finding a worm in an apple? .... finding half a worm. Ouch! ..right. Which is right up there with the physicist who recently announced that along with electrons, photons, leptons, hadrons, protons, and such he’s discovered an elementary social unit of Bose-Einstein proportions that every human can identify with. He calls it the person.
4. Shifting gears, exploring awareness space
Ok, some jokes aren’t terribly self redeeming. But it gives me the chance to take you out of our typical comfortable cocoons of ‘serious conjecturing’. It’s important to make the point that the greatest quality of human mind is ceaseless exploration of the far parts of existence. We push the envelope of knowledge, exploring possibilities and connecting with what was beyond our ken before. That is high science. Physically, we explore new frontiers and conditions, where survival isn’t always guaranteed but our need to test our potential competence is forever a life standard. Mentally, we press beyond the limits of what we know. And that’s also the essential process of humor believe it or not. We push outside the known and accepted. We revel in non-sequitors and laugh at the atypical. Almost as if we’ve tested some real and strange reality, and come back from the experience unharmed, as laughter releases the tension of experiencing the unknown, and we return - even in an instant from across the journey into unknown or off-kilter concept spaces - unscathed. Every success after these explores - physical, conceptual, and humorous - finds us experiencing a sense of absolute exhilaration. They’ve all been explorations and testings of our gaussian bubbles. And therein is the strength of all dynamic systems ... to be able to explore and successfully be in all sorts of states within casual and expandable gaussian lifespaces.
The "A-ha Experience" has a sibling which is just as strong and important a marker of high human intellect as any you can think of. It is wonderment, connection, completion, success, survival .... totally joyful and totally non-frivolous ... the "Ha-ha Experience". No joke.
Every system is continually in a process of dealing with its behavior spaces - that can have all manner of configurations and importances. The ablest systems - the ‘fittest’ - are those that can cope with wider ranges and still survive, even by adaptive changes in a pas de plural. Survival means dealing with real environments and then either finding an econiche, or morphing in such profound ways that the option space opens in wholy new directions. For example, the evolutionary leap from aquatic life to landed air was accomplished not simply by growing limbs to support body weight or lungs to gain oxygen from air instead of through waterwashed gills. That evolutionary advance required an intrinsic alteration of the internal metabolic processing of salt water by kidneys and tissue. Bodies had to osmotically regulate fresh water processing and retention. Only then could animals live on land.
Who could have predicted the potential such a change would open up for life on Earth? It really is spectacular when you realize that it took a shift in the metabolic processing of water to allow for the discovery and use of fire (Sillman)
5. Summary
It is time to see the possibilities of life and the potentials of all real/possible relations. It is time to embrace the relations of open systems, not bemoan the deficiencies of closed models and paradigms. Reliance on old-mode models continues to get people in trouble, because determinism was once the best possible option for discovering eternal invariances. And new models, which are too narrowly drawn - in line with predictive deterministic goals (another way of controlling behavior spaces and making them less quixotic, more ‘secure’) - are just as ridden with pitfalls. It’s gratifying to tease existence’s secrets of behaviors from the swarm of so many simultaneous actions. It’s gratifying to comprehend the dynamics, not just exhibit them. But the ego runs to solidify what it knows. Repetition is reliable. But when the universe is swarms of gaussian spaces who boundaries amoeboidly blend and create new options simply by communicating, look out.
In 1974 Karl Menger (1974), a member of the Vienna Circle of mathematicians which included Gödel, Carnap, Wittgenstein and others, wrote a preface to the English translation of his 1934 tract, "Morality, Decision and Social Organization". In it he said, " the logician contemplating logical or so-called logical thought in the social sciences, faces a strange spectacle. Some scholars definitely overestimate logic. Their hopes are too high; they look toward formalism for far-reaching results than even a theoretical physicist would ever expect from logic, and in addition, for instructions in practical action."
My only personal addendum is that it’s a shame some 1990’s physicists didn’t heed his warning, as they jumped headlong with their hyper-compounded non-linear and fractal equations and tried to corral the economies of the planet - with some rather ignominious results.
Determinism does help us focus on recurrent - if eternal - laws of behaving systems, but it can lull us into believing that the future is absolutely controllable, and that such an ability is beneficial. If Systems Science produces any important leap of comprehension for humanity, its not that some few particular patterns of behavior rules are everywhere and are applicable across the spectrum of extant systems. The achievement of Systems Sciences will be to fling wide open the doors of hyperinfinite process space. The ability to cope with the skills that staged morphology allows, as we perfect our ability to flexibly and resiliently cope with situations and conditions that don’t even exist yet except as ‘promise’, is what the quality of existence and life and meaning and opportunity are all about.
Determinism is a luxury of 20/20 hindsight or the convenient illusion that any system is a stand-alone. Complexity’s fundamental message is this: freedom is as important as communication and linked behaviors. Competence, survival, and endurance are not poised on the fine razor’s edge between chaos and order, but in a broad latitude and range that balances many chaoses and many orders ... present now, retained from the past, and even ones that won’t be encountered until such systems pass time and the environment - on any or all levels - offers new potential and options to enact in (Rose, 1999).
We will literally re-vision ourselves, and give humanity the choice of trying new behaviors that re-synchronize values within a companion universe that thrives in and around us. The words ‘process’ and ‘systems’ come close to describing what this hazy though forceful dynamic is, but still feels lacking somehow. Engaging in it in meaningful ways with the name ‘design culture’, comes closer in social and psychological regards, but even here, pure science will balk at its looseness. Is this pervasive process with many guises really a ‘law’ of the universe? Possibly, but it lacks the absolute rigor at the moment that mathematical criteria demands. So maybe it’s wiser to amend even this definition of the objectively transcendant, since latitude and freedom are as valuable as repetitive performance. What we’re coming to understand is that the universe doesn’t act out ironclad ‘rules’ or necessarily eternal ‘laws’ of nature. Rather, everywhere and everyplace, the universe enacts and recommends a performance ‘policy’ - an offered, suggested and available way of behaving - very singular and present alltime and allwhere, but sufficiently open as to allow systems the option of going along with the program or choosing not to...and still be in accordance with how it all works. Communication is everything, accomplished directly or indirectly as symbiosis. What is the value of a life if the rest of the world isn’t here? I dare say it would have none. We give our lives value when we encourage and support the existence of all that’s around us. The more diversity, the more relations. The more relations, the more concurrence. The more concurrence, the fuller is our meaning and worth in the world.
Existence is an exquisite opportunity. May we see through new eyes and listen with new ears. With each other - and more. The galaxies sing to one another and tell wonderous stories carried in sonic harmonies and subtle modulations. We are part of their voices, coloring and enriching their experiences, even as they ponder whether such creatures as we even exist or not. We live on many time scales, we do. And each is real ... very real.
"I bid you farewell, respected ancestors, dear companions, and cherished future." . . . We were all present in the furnace of the Beginning, called the Shinn-yu Event, from the Nippon ideogram for "motion", when all time and space "became". We swirled and intermingled as potential, and then as realized forms, in sequences of titanic stars and then in histories of atoms and molecules and metabolisms, which assembled and reassembled, in explorations of process. No matter our individual lineages, we are literally made of all the ancestors of our existence, and we will contribute to the shapes and comprehensions of all the progeny who will succeed us. Sensations and thoughts.
I'll end by sharing with you with two literary snippets, a comment by Buckminster Fuller from his 1981 book "Critical Path", and a poem of my own.
" Nobody is born a specialist. Every child is born with comprehensive interest, asking the most comprehensively logical and relevant questions.
Pointing to the logs burning in the fireplace, one child asked me, "What is fire?" I answered, "Fire is the Sun unwinding from the tree's log. The Earth revolves as the radiation from the Sun's flame reaches the revolving Earth. By photosynthesis the green buds and leaves of the tree convert the Sun radiation into hydrocarbon molecules, which form into the bio-cells of the green, outer, cambium layer of the tree. ... The tree's ... roots spread out into the ground to anchor the tree and get water. Each year the new, outer-layer, green tree cone revolves 365 turns, and every year the tree grows its new tender-green, bio-cell cone layer just under the bark and over the accumulating cones of previous years. Each ring of the many rings of the saw-cut log is one year's Sun-energy impoundment. So the fire is the many-years-of-Sun-flame- winding now unwinding from the tree. When the log pop-sparks, it is letting go a very sunny day long ago, and doing so in a hurry."
Conventually educated grown-ups rarely know how to answer such questions. They're all too specialized. " B. Fuller (1981)
TIME
Alone, I remember time.
Slowly moving, never stopping, time.
The world was filled with it.
And things were made of it.Objects (quiet) were alive with it.
And friends, companions, were the voice of it.Time - the little moment "now" that can't be saved.
Just felt - anticipated - noted - then passed by.
My memory of time, as time felt now, in time of memory:
Knowing time as everything...to be, and of, and was, and will.Time...that we can only know as death and life...as color sound and touch.
Sleek strong Bengal Tiger in the morning brush.
Waking. Cool beside the waters moving slowly. Time.
Crack !! the bullet crashing branches striking bleeding ...
Eyes look up in anguished disbelief ...
that from your soul comes forth lamenting moaningl o n g the filling wail that reaches all the world's sad ears
Your cry: "Remember time!"
that nothing is unreal as felt in life and world "r e m e m b e r T i m e . . . "
The echo wail that never leaves my mind - I see you die. in Time.
The slow methodic drift of mixing smoke is time.
The woven blanket, warm, is real as time.
The turbulent and huffing gusts of storm mark time.
The ice of snow of winter has the feel of time.
The sex of love to give a child life is time.
And Universe - as swirls of stars evolving moving . . .
. . . meld . . . . in Time.Time is.
And needs us not. Does not rely on anything to BE.
All consuming and enveloping, becomes, and is, the One
existing Time.That here, alone, within my mind reminding me
that once
there was a thing called . . . Time.J.N.Rose (1969)
6. Illustrations
[Figure 1] from "In the Theater of Consciousness". Baars.
[Figure 2] "Binding Assemblies & Gaussian Integrities" by Gilbert Leiker Graphics, Reno NV.
[Figure 3] "post-Godel Process Space", by Gilbert Leiker Graphics, Reno NV.
[Figure 4] "Godel’s Apple". J.N.Rose
[Figure 5] "Newton’s Apple, after Plato". J.N.Rose
7. References
| Baars, Bernard (1997). In the Theater of
Consciousness, Oxford University Press, Cambridge. Bateson, Gregory (1972). Steps to an Ecology of the Mind, Ballentine, New York. Benking, H. and Rose, J. (1998). "In the House of Eyes". ISSS 98, Atlanta http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/uiu_plus/isss98/house-of-eyes.htm Fuller, Buckminster (1981). Critical Path, St. Martin's Press, New York. Menger, Karl (1974). Morality, Decision and Social Organization (1934). D. Reidel Publ., Dordrecht Rose, James. (1969). "I remember Time", poem. Web published 1997. Ceptual Institute. Rose, James. (1973). Initial formulations of a Unified Theory. SUNY Stonybrook. http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/uiu_plus/1973.htm Rose, James. (1992) "Understanding the Integral Universe". ©1972,1992, Ceptual Institute, Miami, Minden Rose, James (1996). Exhibit for "Towards a Science of Consciousness", Tucson II, Tucson AZ Rose, James (1998A). "Autonomic Consciousness" CI website Commentary #3 http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/nuc/nuc_com003.htm Rose, James (1998B). "Chrysalines" CI website Commentary #8 http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/nuc/nuc_com008.htm Rose, James (1999). Online discussion, New England Complex Systems Inst., April Weblist forum. Sillman, Emmanuel (1966/7). "Course in Comparative Anatomy", Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Theobald, Robert. (1987). The Rapids of Change. Knowledge Systems, Indianapolis http://www.transform.org/transform/dlc/rapids/rapids.html Schmandt-Bessarat, Denise. (1998). "Writing and Abstractions", ISSS 98, Atlanta. |
[completed May 1, 1999] © James N. Rose 1999
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